Debates over determinism have agitated philosophers and theologians for thousands of years. Scientists joined the discussion five centuries ago, and scientific determinism became a guiding principle for many modern intellectuals. However, accumulating scientific evidence contradicts this notion of determinism. At least in nature, the issue is not whether God plays dice -- but how. Too many natural phenomena display probabilistic causality to ignore. Yet only in recent decades has probability moved from the periphery to the center of scientific research. Contrary to expectation, determinism and probability appear to be inseparable. Neither one offers a complete description of reality. Instead, unpredictable natural processes constantly interact with deterministic natural laws to initiate and sustain much more complex phenomena than would exist otherwise.

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• Science & MathAstronomy & Space ScienceCosmology
• Science & MathTechnologyGeneral & Reference

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